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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people suffering from ADHD are treated with medication. It can ease symptoms but can also cause side effects. Consult your physician if you experience side effects. Stimulants are the most commonly prescribed type of prescription medication that healthcare doctors prescribe to treat ADHD. These medications increase the levels of brain chemicals, also known as neurotransmitters, which control attention and behavior. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate is a stimulant of first choice for treating ADHD in both children and adults is the most frequently prescribed medication. It is effective by increasing the activity in brain areas that regulate behavior and attention. Methylphenidate is also sometimes used to treat other ailments like narcolepsy. It can assist people suffering from the condition to stay alert and improve their ability to focus and pay attention. This medication can have the potential to be abused and is considered to be a Schedule II drug by the US Drug Enforcement Agency. It is recommended to take this medication exactly as prescribed to decrease the chance of abuse and side effects. Methylphenidate may cause psychotic symptoms in a few people. It can also increase the severity of the behavior and tics of people with Tourette syndrome or bipolar disorder. Before taking this medication, those suffering from these conditions must tell their doctor. It is essential to inform your doctor if there are any other health issues or are allergic to any food or dyes (such as tartrazine, a yellow color present in processed foods as well as some medicines; if you're taking Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate is known to interact with drugs such as opioids, antidepressants, and monoamine oxide inhibitors. These include isocarboxazid linezolid and methylene blue. rasagiline, Emsam, Zelapar, or tranylcypromine. It's also important to stay clear of drinking alcohol or other stimulant drugs while taking methylphenidate. They can have a negative effect on your blood pressure and heart rate. The immediate-release methylphenidate tablet (Ritalin), the oral disintegrating capsule that acts long-term and chewable tablets (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla-XR-ODT) and chewable tablets with a long-acting mechanism (Quillichew-ER and Cotempla XR-ODT), contain Phenylalanine. This could be dangerous in the case of a genetic disorder known as phenylketonuria is present. Bupropion Bupropion, an antidepressant drug, works in the brain and improves mood. It also reduces symptoms of ADHD. It can also be used to treat depression and seasonal depression (SAD), which occurs during the winter and fall seasons. It can also aid smokers in quitting by reducing cravings for nicotine and withdrawal symptoms. A number of studies conducted on adults have shown that bupropion can improve ADHD symptoms when compared to placebo. The pooled fixed effect RR for improvements in week 6 (using an increase in clinical significance of 30% or greater on the CGI) is 1.14 (95%CI 0.95-1.37). For the overall response, this equals 52% of the bupropion group and 37% in the placebo group. Bupropion can cause dangerous and even life-threatening interactions when taken in conjunction with other medications. These include sedatives and antidepressants and blood pressure medications. It can also increase the risk of seizure in people who have an history of seizures or high blood pressure. It is also not recommended for people suffering from certain medical conditions. It should not be taken by women who are nursing or pregnant. Bupropion is available in the form of brand-name drugs Wellbutrin SR and Wellbutrin XL. It is also available in the form of Zyban, Budeprion SR. Aplenzin and Forfivo XL. It is also available in generic form. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants (or TCAs, are a class of drugs that work by affecting brain chemicals. They were one of the first antidepressants that were that were developed, and though they are no longer considered a first-line treatment for depression they are still effective in some people with other disorders. They block the reuptake of dopamine and serotonin, which increases their levels of availability in neurons. They can also be employed to treat a range of other diseases, such as enuresis, pain syndromes such as fibromyalgia, and phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs are effective in treating ADHD symptoms, regardless of whether they are administered on their own or with stimulants. They can alleviate symptoms that are core to the disorder and may decrease anxiety, depression and impulsiveness. They may also help manage tics. These are uncontrollable repeated actions or sounds like blinking or clearing the throat. TCAs can cause adverse effects, such as sedation and dry mouth, and increase the risk of developing cardiovascular problems. These drugs can negatively interact with other medications like anticholinergics and should not be used by women who are pregnant. They are also known to cause teratogenic effects in animals and can cross the placenta. Consult your doctor if you are concerned. There are antidepressants that are more recent with a lower risk of side effects. Selective serotonin inhibition of reuptake (SSRIs). SSRIs are a class of antidepressants that block serotonin reuptake in neurons and increase the amount of serotonin to signal. They also help reduce anxiety and impulsive behavior. They are utilized to treat adhd because they can help some sufferers with their symptoms and can work in conjunction with other drugs. SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline paroxetine and citalopram. They have linear pharmacokinetics, and have a low clearance from the human body. However they are extensively metabolized by CYP450 enzymes in the liver. This results in variable blood concentrations. These medications are also prescribed to treat other disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder and the bulimia-nervosa. The SSRIs fluoxetine, escitalopram and sertraline are able to reduce PTSD primary symptoms. However, they don't appear to be effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. SSRIs may cause a very rare side effect called sexual dysfunction. If you are thinking about taking one of these medications it is essential to speak with your doctor. It is normal for people to have to try several different types of ADHD medication before they can find the one that works best for them. The development and research of new medications is ongoing. It is crucial to inform your healthcare provider about all medications you use. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). When stimulant drugs do not work for adults suffering from ADHD doctors recommend a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibit (SNRI). These medications boost levels of norepinephrine, and serotonin, two brain chemical substances. They also improve mood, reduce anxiety and depression. SNRIs have similar side effects to TCAs but are safer. They are used to treat numerous conditions, including anxiety disorders and chronic pain, such as fibromyalgia or nerve pain. Sometimes, they are used to treat depression as well. SNRIs are duloxetine, (Cymbalta), and venlafaxine (Effexor). These medications block the reabsorption of norepinephrine in the brain which is a normal process after neurotransmission. This causes a greater than normal phasic release. adhd and depression medication increased levels of norepinephrine helps improve mood and attention. The SNRIs haven't been approved by the FDA for treating ADHD, but some doctors prescribe them as an alternative stimulant. They are usually taken as pills. However, they can also be used in the form of liquids or patches. In April 2021 the FDA approved an oral SNRI called viloxazine (Qelbree) to treat ADHD in adolescents and children. It is not a controlled drug because it does not have the potential of being misused. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants which affect the levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain. They are used for depression and anxiety disorders but can also help control ADHD symptoms. A number of studies have proven that SNRI medications, such as duloxetine and venlafaxine, can dramatically reduce the score of various ADHD tests. SNRIs may increase blood pressure or interact with certain medications. Therefore, it's important to consult a doctor before taking these medications. Moreover, inappropriately discarded medication can cause harm to animals and humans therefore it is essential to follow the proper disposal guidelines. SSRIs or SNRIs haven't been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD however, doctors can prescribe them off-label. They are effective, safe, and have fewer side effects than stimulants. Talk to your doctor regarding your child's health issues and discuss the pros and cons of these medications. SNRIs are not appropriate for everyone. Women who are pregnant or nursing should stay clear of taking SNRIs because they can be passed through breast milk. They should not be used by people who suffer from high blood pressure, liver problems or any other cardiovascular problems. Selective dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (DARPIs). Many people with ADHD find medication helps them improve their concentration and attention. They may also experience reduced behavior that is impulsive. The medication is typically combined with behavior therapy and training, which help people get control of their symptoms. Finding the appropriate medication for each patient takes time. During this process, doctors observe physical reactions to determine the optimal balance of benefits and side effects. Stimulant drugs, such as methylphenidate, boost the activity of certain brain chemicals that regulate memory and concentration. While they are generally safe and effective for the majority of people, they can cause serious side effects, such as reduced appetite and trouble sleeping. These side effects usually disappear after several weeks as your body adjusts to the medication. Non-stimulant medicines are also available for children and adults. They may take longer to effect their effects but they can enhance impulse control and concentration. They could include alpha-2 adrenergic antagonists (atomoxetine viloxazine, atomoxetine) and guanfacine hydrochloride. Antidepressants can also be effective in treating ADHD. They can increase norepinephrine which is a neurotransmitter within the brain that aids in mood swings and depression. Bupropion, an antidepressant, has been used to treat ADHD. It was prescribed “off-label” but drug makers created extended-release versions, and the FDA approved its use as a treatment.